Finally, to address some of the challenges of existing models, it might be valuable to consider addition of insight from biomarkers such as copeptin (84–86) and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) (87), cystatin C (88), Lipoprotein (a) (89), all of which have shown some level of association with recurrent stroke. The gene discussed is AVP; the disease is Stroke.