TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Since RA and PD share innumerous pathological and immunological characteristics, such as the following: (1) increased infiltration of inflammatory and immune cells including neutrophils, monocytes, and T and B lymphocytes; (2) increased release of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and degradation enzymes (MMPs); (3) and the activation of RANK-L, we hypothesized that RvE1 treatment would have beneficial effects on arthritis progression.