Astrocytes activated by ischemia and anoxia secrete many pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, VEGF-A, MCP-1 CXCL-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, which influence BBB integrity. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and ischemia.