CD4 and glioblastoma: Keskin et al. found that the number of neoantigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TILs were increased in eight glioblastoma patients vaccinated with multi-epitope neoantigen vaccine in a phase I clinical trial [87] Meanwhile, personalized neoepitope vaccine (APVAC 2) mainly caused CD4+ Th1 cell responses in 15 patients with glioblastoma [86].