In line with our findings, a similar contraction of the inflammatory response in the bladder, followed by fibrosis, was also observed in a mouse model of bladder schistosomiasis where upregulation of IL4 was observed 3 weeks post-injection with S. haematobium eggs that are well described in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder [28]. Here, IL4 is linked to urinary schistosomiasis.