INS and heart failure: Study population characteristics are shown in Table 1. BB recipients were older, less likely to be male or be on a surgery service, more likely to be on cardiac service, and had higher creatinine, hospital length of stay and frequency of basal insulin use (carvedilol 27%, SBB 33%, no BB 4.9%, p < 0.0001 by ANOVA), sulfonylurea/glinides, other cardiac medications and heart failure. Carvedilol users were less likely to be Caucasian than SBB or non-BB users while SBB were more likely to receive other diabetes medications.