TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Using the composite IBD endoscopy score, patients with high endoscopic disease activity [either moderate (2) or severe (3)] demonstrated significantly elevated serum concentrations of Eotaxin-1, SAA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17A as compared to patients with low endoscopic disease activity [either remission (0) or mild (1)] (Figure 2).