TGFB1 and glioma: Galunisertib, a TGF-β1 inhibitor, is currently under clinical trials in glioma patients, where it exhibited an inhibitory effect on VM activity by regulating the astrocytes cells, which relies on TGF-β1 secretion, and by decreasing the expression of VE-cadherin and smooth muscle actin-α, reducing the phosphorylation of AKT and FLK 127.