Patients with MI had higher GDF-15 levels compared with non-MI patients (P <0.001), and the increased GDF-15 levels upon admission were associated with a hazard ratio of 2.1 for death or MI (95%CI: 1.67±2.65, P <0.001) in a model that was adjusted for age and sex. Here, GDF15 is linked to myocardial infarction.