Administration of the colon-specific carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to germ-free Il10−/− mice mono-associated with the mouse adherent-invasive commensal E. coli NC101 promoted invasive carcinoma in 80% of the hosts, while the human commensal Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF, which also caused aggressive colitis in Il10−/− mice, was unable to induce malignant progression [99]. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and invasive carcinoma.