MTOR and tuberculosis: In pre-clinical testing, gefitinib (targeting EGFR), fluoxetine (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor), baicalin (a herbal medicine targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway) induce autophagy and enhance intracellular Mtb clearance.116,117 Indeed, antimicrobial drugs such as loperamide, verapamil and standard anti-TB drugs (such as INH and pyrazinamide) themselves promote autophagy and may work synergistically with autophagy-inducing small molecules as adjunctive therapy to standard treatment for TB patients.115,118–120