Supporting evidence illustrated reduced TNF-α production, thwarted neutrophil recruitment and reduced lung bacillary burden.35 Similar findings were reported for another selective PDE-4-i, CC-11050, in a TB rabbit model.36 Analogues of thalidomide, such as CC-3052, have also shown to possess similar PDE-4-i properties and demonstrated potential as TB HDT by reducing lung pathology and inflammation.37 These promising pre-clinical screenings of PDE-i have led to safety and efficacy testing of adjunctive CC-11050 with the standard 6-month multi-drug therapy. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.