IL1B and tuberculosis: While some studies on vitD supplementation during TB treatment demonstrate clinical and radiological involvement in patients with vitD deficiency (Table 1), others fail to show any advantage on TB outcomes (Table 1).71,72 At a pre-clinical level, the protective effects of vitD has been linked to enhanced innate immune production of ROS, IL-1β, IFN-γ and cathelicidin,73,74 while positive trials have shown a reduction in inflammatory mediators including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Table 1).