At FDR < 0.1, SGMS1 and SKP1, which were down-regulated with COPD in females, were also down-regulated with smoking in females; KDSR, which showed both down-regulation with COPD in females and up-regulation with COPD in males, was down-regulated with smoking in females while remaining unchanged with smoking in males. Here, KDSR is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.