We also showed that these nephrotoxic events were drug-induced apoptotic events, and these responses were mediated via specific transporter activity using an uptake and efflux inhibitor, such as cimetidine, a blocker of the uptake organic cation transporter OCT2, and verapamil, an inhibitor of the efflux transporter p-glycoprotein that mediates the efflux of certain cancer chemotherapies, which can lead to multidrug resistance53. This evidence concerns the gene ABCB1 and cancer.