Metformin inhibited the translocation of HMGB1 in rabbit AF cells as demonstrated by the high percentage of HMGB1 expression noted in the nuclei of rabbit AF cells treated either with metformin alone (Figure 5C, 5G, 5K, 5O, 5Q), or with metformin and LPS (Figure 5D, 5H, 5L, 5P, 5Q). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and atrial fibrillation.