In addition to the reduced infarct area in response to the ischemic injury, both VPS35 and CX3CR1 mutant mice show increased anti-inflammatory, but not pro-inflammatory, microglial activation by stroke [35] (Fig. 6) and reduced stroke-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines [33, 40, 41] (Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene VPS35 and Stroke.