To circumvent this limitation, a novel model that facilitates the direct transfection of biliary cells by intrabiliary injection coupled with lobar bile duct ligation was recently described by Yamada et al. Introduction of AKT and YAP transgenes into biliary cells led to CCA development in 20% of mice 10 weeks after in vivo transfection. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.