CSF2 and neoplasm: Autologous whole-cell tumor cell immunotherapy (FANG) has also been trialed (NCT01061840); this incorporates an intradermally injected plasmid encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and a bifunctional short hairpin RNAi vector targeting furin convertase, thereby downregulating endogenous immunosuppressive transforming growth factors beta1 and beta2.