In concordance with this trend on combined immunotherapies, two large randomised trials are currently assessing the efficacy of drugs targeting PD-1 (NCT03036488 and NCT02954874), in combination with standard neo-adjuvant (preoperative) or adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapies in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer [8]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to triple-negative breast carcinoma.