CDK9 inhibition by FVD significantly reduced the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which indicates the onset of cell death, in both THP-1 monocytes (Fig. 5A) and PBMCs (Fig. 5B) at 4 and 8 hours after bacterial infection, indicating that CDK9 activation may trigger cell death in monocytes. Here, CDK9 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.