APP and Alzheimer disease: Although the coupling of gamma oscillations to theta phase has frequently been reported to support memory processing32–35 and relies on fast-spiking hippocampal PV interneurons36,37, decreased theta–gamma phase-amplitude coupling has been reported in vitro for an APP mouse model19 as well as in vivo in 3xTg AD mice20, suggesting that altered phase-amplitude coupling could play a key role in AD pathophysiology.