Gene expression analyses conducted only in those cytokines that were different in the serum—IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFα—revealed significantly different mRNA levels among both patient groups; “Epilepsy-only” and “Epilepsy + Cannabis” groups compared to healthy controls (p-value = 0.0001). Here, TNF is linked to epilepsy.