TNF and epilepsy: Therefore, in order to capture a comprehensive profile of the inflammatory pattern in epilepsy, we focused on a wide range of inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL-10), and chemokines (IL-8).