Altered DNA methylation of two signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which play a role in cell growth and differentiation, and the metabolic action of insulin [39], have previously been reported during GDM in other populations [15], identifying these CpG sites as likely biomarkers for the development of GDM. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.