In T1DM patients, the main treatment for maintaining blood glucose levels is the administration of exogenous insulin by subcutaneous injection, which is a mixture of rapid-acting human insulin (aspart, glulisine and lispro) or immediate-acting (neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin and Lente insulin) to reset blood glucose after meals and long-acting insulin (glargine detemir) before bed to maintain basal level of insulin in the circulation during the day [39]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.