More recently, IAV has been shown to remodel the pulmonary clock in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): while chronic exposure to cigarette smoke combined with IAV infection altered the timing of clock gene expression and increased lung inflammation and emphysema, the effects were markedly elevated in Bmal1 KO [99]. Here, BMAL1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.