In this cell line model, Nectin-3 (a cell surface glycoprotein that modulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis) was also upregulated when TGFBR2 was impaired, and reconstitution of TGFBR2 upregulated growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15; one of the ligands of TGF-β superfamily signaling) in a cell line model [51]. Here, GDF15 is linked to cancer.