AR and hypopituitarism: KS, TH and hypopituitarism are conditions associated with clinically low testosterone concentrations.9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Low circulating testosterone concentrations may reduce prostatic androgen receptor signalling and may therefore reduce prostate cancer risk.4, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 In our analysis, there was no association with prostate cancer diagnosis in the combined hypogonadal cohort, although men diagnosed with KS had a 42% lower risk.