Colonization and subsequent proliferation of ΔppGpp S. typhimurium within tumor tissues induces infiltration of immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which then secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, which contribute to anti-cancer efficacy (Yu 2018; Qu et al. 2012; Palsson-McDermott et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2015). Here, IL1B is linked to cancer.