IL1B and cancer: The ΔppGpp S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promoted mononuclear/macrophage and dendritic cells to secrete IL-1β through the TLR4 signaling pathway, exerting anti-cancer effects, but tumor recurrence occurred in late treatment stages, which might be related to reduced IL-1β levels (Kim et al. 2015).