Although seven genes (SCNN1A, PPP1R14C, BAD, INPP5D, DHDDS, FMO3, and SPTSSB) were represented in the signalling pathways, each of these seven genes is functionally involved in insulin receptor signalling and metabolism and has been implicated to mitochondrial respiration in the treatment of HCC with high-dose ascorbate 41, 42. Here, INPP5D is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.