Many more of the typical ISGs [31, 88], such as ISG15, ISG20, IFI44, IFIT1, MX1, MX2, USP18, GBP1–6, PARP family members etc. were found as upregulated in the present study but mainly in complete tissues only or in BV and/or stroma. Here, IFI44 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.