Many more of the typical ISGs [31, 88], such as ISG15, ISG20, IFI44, IFIT1, MX1, MX2, USP18, GBP1–6, PARP family members etc. were found as upregulated in the present study but mainly in complete tissues only or in BV and/or stroma. This evidence concerns the gene USP18 and bacterial vaginosis.