MTOR and breast carcinoma: Certain anticancer therapeutic agents target pathways involved in autophagy, including dihydroartemisinin, which is reported to inhibit the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB [37]; thiazolidinedione, which induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ [38]; curcumin, which suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas by inducing autophagy through a mechanism mediated by the Akt and Erk signaling pathways [39]; and E platinum, which induces autophagy by inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation in BGC-823 gastric carcinoma cells [40].