Moreover, preconditioning with DMF diminishes the formation of the proinflammatory mediators including IL-6, IL-1β, NO, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated astrocytes and microglia.        50  Also, MMF puts freshly isolated activated microglia to death and reduces TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β production,   15  and the last one prevents TGF-β-induced ZEB1-dependent mesenchymal transdifferentiation in GBM that causes tumor invasion.        51  In an in vivo study, an acute ischemic stroke model for BBB breakdown and cerebral edema formation was used. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and glioblastoma.