TNF and glioblastoma: Moreover, preconditioning with DMF diminishes the formation of the proinflammatory mediators including IL-6, IL-1β, NO, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated astrocytes and microglia.        50  Also, MMF puts freshly isolated activated microglia to death and reduces TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β production,   15  and the last one prevents TGF-β-induced ZEB1-dependent mesenchymal transdifferentiation in GBM that causes tumor invasion.        51  In an in vivo study, an acute ischemic stroke model for BBB breakdown and cerebral edema formation was used.