Several Clinical Trials have shown that BRAF inhibition monotherapy (e.g., vemurafenib) is effective in melanoma brain metastases [27–30] and small case series have shown that several primary BRAF mutant brain tumors (i.e., primary neuroepithelial brain tumors, malignant astrocytomas, papillary craniopharyngiomas, and other nonmelanoma cancers) also respond to BRAF inhibition [21, 23, 31, 32]. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).