BRAF and melanoma: Several Clinical Trials have shown that BRAF inhibition monotherapy (e.g., vemurafenib) is effective in melanoma brain metastases [27–30] and small case series have shown that several primary BRAF mutant brain tumors (i.e., primary neuroepithelial brain tumors, malignant astrocytomas, papillary craniopharyngiomas, and other nonmelanoma cancers) also respond to BRAF inhibition [21, 23, 31, 32].