TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophages, polarized by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), have increased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6) [4], inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD86, and have the capacity to kill pathogens and tumor cells, and promote a Th1-type immune response.