CALR and cancer: In line with this notion, high expression levels of CALR and/or CALR exposure on the membrane of cancer cells have been linked with superior disease outcome in patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) [10], non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) [11, 12], acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [13], and ovarian cancer [11] generally in association with improved anticancer immunity.