Improvements in the IPITT, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucose infusion rate evidenced by the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp study and analysis of PI3K and P-AKT expression in adipose tissue (Fig. 2c–g) indicated a marked enhancement in insulin sensitivity after the MSC infusions. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.