DMD and neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of alpha-dystroglycan: Moreover, under certain conditions, concomitant reduction of dystrophin and sarcoglycans are observed in dystrophinopathies [7] and sarcoglycanopathies [8], and of dystrophin and glycosylated α-DG in dystroglycanopathies [9]; this hampers prediction of the primary genetic defect based on muscle immunoanalysis.