TNF and infection: For this, genes that were shown previously to be specifically or aspecifically responding to Pam3CSK4 [45] were analyzed by qPCR of tlr2−/− and tlr2+/− larvae upon Mm (strain Mma20) infection at 4 dpi: tlr2-aspecific response genes il1b, tnfa, tnfb, irg1l, and tlr2-specific response genes fosl1a and cebpb. Our results show that the induction levels of il1b, tnfb, fosl1a and cebpb in tlr2−/− larvae were significantly reduced when compared to the heterozygotes in the infected condition (Fig. 5).