CHRM3 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: In 1993, van de Merwe was the first to report an association between pSS and BPS/IC.[6] Moreover, urinary dilatation may also occur in pSS patients with BPS/IC, leading to obstructive renal insufficiency.[7] A hospital-based study also showed that the prevalence of OAB symptoms was more frequently encountered in pSS patients.[3] It was proposed that autoantibodies binding to the M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) of SS patients may cause exocrine dysfunction and lead to bladder detrusor smooth muscles contraction.