In the middle, in CF patients carrying 8.1AH, RNF5 is expressed at low levels, resulting in the lower levels of RNF5, less degradation of the misfolded mutated CFTR protein, improved Cl- secretion, lower mucus secretion and delayed colonization by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The gene discussed is CFTR; the disease is cystic fibrosis.