TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Berberine (BBR) was found to reduce the proportion of macrophages in the intestinal immune system [20] and inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and MIP1 in T2DM rats, and the inhibition of inflammation by BBR was related to the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB signalling pathway [21].