TNF and axial length measurement: Thirteen studies [32,33,34,35,36,37,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] evaluated fourteen different inflammatory biomarkers for detecting AL, namely CRP, leucocytes, procalcitonin (PCT), albumin, prealbumin, per centage of neutrophils, fibrinogen levels, urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs), interleukin (IL) 2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and blood G antigenemia (BG).