TNF and Ito hypomelanosis: Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of IPA, i.e., a significant reduction in the inhibitory activity of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells and reduction of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12 p40 by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells [18,34].