INS and cancer: Our results revealed enrichment of pathways known to associate with insulin, such as Ras, PI3K-Akt, ABC transporter, pathways in cancer, and MAPK signaling, as well as pathways that are less known to associate with the insulin response, such as Rap1 signaling, cell migration, proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, blood vessel development, hematopoiesis, immune system development, and response to stimulus (Fig. 2C, Supplemental Table 4).