TNF and asthma: Neutrophilic asthma, along with the paucigranulocytic inflammatory phenotype, belongs to the non-Th2 (or Th2-low) asthma endotype and Th1 and/or Th17 immune processes have been implicated in its pathogenesis [109,111], although therapeutic targeting of neither Th1- nor Th17-related cytokines, namely anti-TNFa [112] and anti-IL17A receptor agents [113], have proved effective.