It’s important to note that HDAC inhibitors have multiple targets including some other non-histone targets (TLR4, β-defensin 2, STAT3, P53 etc.), and are involved in a variety of IBD-associated signaling pathways such as NF-κB and Foxp3 transduction pathways (Tsaprouni et al., 2011; Ventham et al., 2013). Here, STAT3 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.