TNF and leishmaniasis: The inflammatory pathways of Toll-like receptor signaling, TNF signaling and T cell receptor signaling, as well as pathways related to infectious disease and immune clearance, such as S. aureus infection, measles, pertussis, leishmaniasis, influenza A, phagosome, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, were up-regulated in the acute phase (Figure 8A).