HDAC9 and atherosclerosis: Moreover, inhibition of HDACs in macrophages has beneficial athero-protective effects in vitro (Van den Bossche et al., 2014) but their progression as a potential atherosclerosis therapy was prevented by the observation that the broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) unexpectedly increased plaque size in a mouse model of atherosclerosis (Choi et al., 2005).