GLI1 and cholangiocarcinoma: In previous works, both PSC/CCA and PSC samples were characterized by an extremely high expression of glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli-1; the effector of the sonic hedgehog pathway) by PBG cells, and neoplastic PBGs without primary cilia maintained high expression of Gli-1, suggesting a noncanonical activation of the hedgehog pathway [59,60].