In addition, it was demonstrated that oral administration of Althaea officinalis and Solanum nigrum extracts, once daily for 14 days, can protect against pyloric-ligation/indomethacin-induced gastric-ulceration in rats, probably via their anti-oxidant properties, inhibition of histamine and gastrin release, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines formation like TNF-α and IL-1β, and promotion of mucin, NO, PG-E2, and PG-I2 contents. Here, TNF is linked to gastric ulcer.