Androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU 145) were tested where 3-AWFA treatment lead to conversion of cytosolic MAP1LC3B-I/LC3B-I to MAP1LC3B-I/LC3B-II (microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3β) and reduction of the autophagy substrate, SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) [85]. Here, SQSTM1 is linked to prostate cancer.